Laboratory or “reference” methods, such as air displacement plethysmography (ADP), hydrostatic weighing, and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), are conducted often with reliable results on diverse populations even if their expense and lack of portability sometimes limit their use in community-based settings. Several alternative solutions are available to scientists and practitioners seeking to assess obesity in individuals with different types of ID. Yet, there remains a question as to the extent these methods accurately reflect body composition or fat distribution in individuals with ID who often display unique anthropometry compared to individuals without disabilities. Recommended by the World Health Organization, body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference are used frequently to measure obesity across different populations. More specifically, research documents physiological mechanisms that associate total and regional body fat with insulin resistance, glucose metabolism, serum lipid concentrations, and blood pressure. Individuals with intellectual disability (ID) are at increased risk for obesity and extreme obesity, which contribute to numerous cardiovascular, pulmonary, and metabolic diseases. There may be a need to devise further regression equations that apply to individuals with specific types of ID in order to increase the reliability and validity of body composition measurements. The current literature contains too few well-conducted studies to determine the precision and validity of body composition measures on individuals with ID. BMI and waist circumference appear suitable measures but skinfold thickness measurements may not be advisable due to participants' noncompliance resulting in a lack of precision and inaccurate results. Searches identified six articles assessing body composition methods used on individuals with ID including body mass index (BMI), skinfold thickness, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), waist circumference, tibia length, and anthropometric girth measurements. Reviewers included primary research related to the validity and reliability of body composition measures on individuals with ID. Authors conducted electronic searches through PubMed (1990 to present) and PsycINFO (1990 to present) and assessed relevant articles independently based on scoping review guidelines. This study reviewed the validity and reliability of methods used for assessing body composition in individuals with ID. Research shows obesity to be more prevalent amongst individuals with intellectual disability (ID) making correct measurement of body composition crucial. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics © 2011 The British Dietetic Association Ltd.Background. Accurate anthropometric measurements are important for dietary management and monitoring of weight gain. Inaccuracies in BMI could lead to individuals being overlooked as high risk and may not be referred for appropriate care including dietetic care. This raises the question of how BMI was calculated and its accuracy. Where BMI was recorded, many notes had either height or weight missing or had measurements recorded in imperial units. Recommendations for measurement of height, weight and calculation of BMI were not always followed. There was a high prevalence overweight (26.2%) and obesity (21.3%) amongst the sample. In addition, 39.7% (n = 126) of heights and 16.0% (n = 63) of weights were recorded in imperial format. In total, 53.8% of the sample had either height or weight not recorded however, 90.9% of the sample had a BMI recorded. Data collected from the notes included weight, height, BMI and gestational age when first recorded.Ī total of 486 maternal notes were audited of these, 9% did not have the BMI recorded.
A convenience sample of the midwifery notes was accessed retrospectively on the post-natal wards. The aim of the present audit was to determine the extent of compliance with this recommendation.Īn audit was undertaken in a large district general hospital in the South West of England. It is recommended that all pregnant women have their height and weight measured and their body mass index (BMI, kg m(-) ²) calculated and recorded in the midwifery notes. Obesity is increasing in the UK and this is having an impact on the health of pregnant women and their infants.
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